Being a Slave to the Nafs
The works of Imam al-Ghazali serve as a guide for a profound journey into the inner world of the human being. As seen in the source text, al-Ghazali emphasizes the importance of one’s struggle with the nafs (the lower self, the seat of base desires and impulses). The nafs, with its desires and whims, can deceive a person; it can drive one toward the unlawful (ḥarām) and hinder spiritual progress. This situation diminishes a person’s closeness to Allah and leads to restlessness in this world. Al-Ghazali states that the nafs must be brought under control, and that this is only possible through constant effort and strength of will. To discipline the nafs, one must work with sabr (patient endurance) and avoid worldly greed.
The Importance of the Morality of Ihsan
Al-Ghazali’s teachings not only recommend moral rules but also show the ways to attain the morality of ihsan (spiritual excellence, the perfection of worship and character). Ihsan is a morality imbued with love of Allah; it means doing good, helping others, and showing mercy. The counsels found in the source text emphasize the importance of a person not only attaining inner purity but also being beneficial to those around them. A person who adopts the morality of ihsan not only beautifies their own nafs but also improves society and serves humanity.
Reaching the Goal with Sabr
In al-Ghazali’s advice, the place of sabr (patient endurance) is special. The expressions in the source text remind us that a person should not give up in the face of difficulties, but should continue to work with patience. Sabr is an important part of iman (faith) and a sign of spiritual maturity. Al-Ghazali states that those who are patient will ultimately find the truth and attain the riḍā (contentment with God's decree) of Allah. Therefore, it is important for a person to use sabr as a compass in their struggle with the nafs and on the path to attaining the morality of ihsan; for all difficulties are temporary and can be overcome with patience.