The Variety of Sins and the Conditions of Repentance
As frequently emphasized in the works of Imam al-Ghazali, there are distinct differences between sins. Each sin can stem from a different cause, and therefore, repentance processes may also vary. Some sins may be linked to powerful desires that completely seize a person’s will, while others are merely minor errors. Al-Ghazali clearly illustrates this distinction with the example of date palm juice: The regret experienced when drinking date palm juice arises from an awareness of the harmfulness of what is consumed, and repentance is possible. However, some sins are committed when a person has completely lost control, and repentance for such sins is more complex; because the weakening of will increases the risk of repetition.
The Resolve of the Self and the Depth of Repentance
Al-Ghazali emphasizes the resolve (willpower) of the self in the process of repentance. Our will may be weakened when committing a sin; however, it is important to acknowledge this situation while repenting and strive not to fall into the same error again. This effort leads to a transformation within a person’s inner world; as if they had never sinned before, they are cleansed. The depth of repentance is directly proportional to the resistance shown by the self against such errors. A person who repents for a great sin committed in the past does not hold themselves accountable for it; because they have the power to change their past.
The Acceptance of Repentance and Musahada
According to al-Ghazali, repentance may not always be accepted. Especially after a sin has been committed in the past, feeling remorse after the opportunities to turn away from that sin have disappeared is insufficient. Because this regret arises not from the person’s own efforts but from external circumstances. However, the repentance of a person who falls into a situation involving desire and then understands the evil of the sin, feels sorrow about it, and demonstrates their determination not to repeat the same mistake may be considered acceptable. At this point, the concept of ‘musahada’ comes into play; that is, it is important for the person to see their struggle with their own self and make progress in this struggle. The struggling person is more valuable because they strive to avoid sinning.
The Importance of Musahada and Certainty
Al-Ghazali compares two types of repentant people: one who can abandon sin without a struggle; the other who strives greatly to abandon sin. The former may initially seem superior, because that person has controlled the power of their desires and disciplined their self. This is an indication that the person’s faith and will are strong. However, al-Ghazali states that what is truly important is the struggle itself. Because struggle is a constant effort by the person to improve themselves. Ultimately, the person who can completely control their self is more valuable; because they have a definite resolve not to sin. This is a reflection of both their faith and moral development.