Layers of Existence and Stages of Knowledge
The work Futuḥ al-Makkīyyah by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi is a comprehensive guide that delves into the depths of a Sufi journey. This work presents the process of a person’s nearness to their Lord in stages, while also examining different stations (maqamat) and states (ahwal) in detail. Ibn Arabi’s approach systematically reveals the layers of existence and the knowledge necessary to reach those layers; thus providing a map for the dervish to grasp reality. These stations are not a simple sequence but rather complementary, interwoven stages, each requiring an understanding of the secrets of the previous station.
The Importance of Stations: Abandonment (Tark) and Comprehension (Idrak)
The concept of “abandonment” (tark) mentioned in Futuḥ al-Makkīyyah is an important element of Sufi maturation. Each station has its own unique secrets, but to reach these secrets, one must first abandon that station—that is, transcend its limits. For example, instead of remaining in the station of shame (hayā), one must understand the divine love beyond it; or, instead of endlessly wandering in the station of thought (fikr), one must be aware of the limitations of thought and ascend to a higher level of comprehension. This abandonment signifies a purification from the self-desiring nafs (ego) and is a necessity for transitioning to each new station.
The Connection Between Sainthood (Wilaya), Prophethood, and Humanity
Ibn Arabi’s Futuḥ al-Makkīyyah explains the deep connection between sainthood (wilāya), prophethood, and the general state of humanity. The station of sainthood is a position manifested through the manifestation of divine mercy; prophecy is the mission of being an ambassador that illuminates humanity through revelation from God. Ibn Arabi also examines the relationship between prophethood and righteousness (siddiqah), demonstrating how a person’s divine potential can be realized to its highest level. These stations represent the stages of human ascent, each built upon the previous level.
Continuous Development on the Path of Gnosis: States (Ahwal) and Spontaneous Expressions (Shathiyyat)
Futuḥ al-Makkīyyah not only addresses stations but also examines the states (ahwal – emotional conditions) experienced in the dervish’s inner world, as well as spontaneous expressions (shathiyyat – unconscious utterances). These states can sometimes be beyond a person’s control and manifest as an expression of divine manifestation; shathiyyat is the outward expression of the heart’s hidden secrets. Ibn Arabi emphasizes the importance of understanding and properly evaluating these conditions, as they carry important clues on the path of gnosis. Through continuous contemplation and inner purification, these states help the dervish to grasp reality more deeply.