İKİNCİ FEN · ÜÇÜNCÜ BÂB · İKİNCİ FASIL · Birinci Madde
Article One
Concerning the muscles that constrict and expand the chest.
O, esteemed one! Know that the scholars of anatomy have said: Some of the muscles that move the chest only open it, they do not perform a holding function. These are the muscles of the chest which are connected to the diaphragm—the muscles that will be explained later—which separates the organs of respiration from the organs of nourishment. A pair of muscles also reside beneath the clavicle, their origin extending towards the shoulder head; this will be discussed further. They are attached on either side of the chest’s first rib and were created to draw the rib inward. Each of a pair of muscles is double-headed; its upper portions adjoin the neck and move it, while its lower portions suffice to move the chest. There is also another muscle that runs along this one and is attached to the fifth and sixth ribs of the chest, which will be explained later. Another pair of muscles originate from the scapula and join with a pair of muscles descending from the first vertebra to the shoulder; they act as a single muscle and extend towards the posterior ribs. The fourth pair of muscles emerge from the seventh cervical vertebra and the first two thoracic vertebrae, attaching themselves to the chest ribs; these are the muscles that open and expand the chest.
One muscle constricts the chest either indirectly through the diaphragm or directly through a pair of muscles whose roots spread beneath the upper ribs, strengthening the chest and holding its parts together. A pair also extend from around these ribs, between the *terkuub* and the *hanjari*, into the chest and reach as far as the abdominal plane muscle. Two pairs of muscles were created to assist this aforementioned pair. They are the muscles that both constrict and expand the chest, joining the spaces between the ribs; there are four muscles between each rib, some of whose fibers attach externally to the ribs, while others extend deeply inward. Two muscles originate from the clavicle and reach the first rib on either side, raising it upwards and assisting in the opening of the chest. In this manner, the total number of chest muscles reaches ninety.
There are seven pairs of muscles that move the shoulder; two pairs originate from the back of the head, a pair extends over the shoulder towards the clavicle, inclining toward the head to raise the shoulder. Another pair is attached to the shoulder and raises it to the level of the head. Another pair originates from the first vertebra and attaches itself to the shoulder head in order to bring it closer to the neck. The fourth pair emerges from the *azm-i laami* bone and proceeds again towards the shoulder head, raising it. Two pairs of muscles originate from the protrusions on the thoracic vertebrae and the neck, moving the shoulder backward and downward. The seventh pair originates from the lower back, drawing only the shoulder downwards and forwards, and also upwards with the humerus; they assist in opening the chest.
“There is no power or strength except through the Exalted God.”