SECTION ON JIHAD · 168 – MAKING PEACE WITH THE ENEMY
2765 – It is narrated from Miswar ibn Makhrama (may Allah be pleased with him):
He said:
At the time of Ḥudaybiyya, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) set out together with over a thousand of his Companions (ṣaḥāba). When they reached Dhul-Ḥulayfa, he put marks on the necks of the sacrificial animals. (To indicate they were for sacrifice) he caused their humps to bleed. He entered into iḥrām with the intention of ʿumra. The narrator continued the hadith and then said:
The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) continued on his way. When he reached the hill of Saniyya, which overlooks the Meccans, his camel knelt down there. People said, "Move on, move on," and twice they said, "al-Qaṣwāʾ has become stubborn and will not move." The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "Al-Qaṣwāʾ does not become stubborn in walking, nor is it her habit to kneel down randomly. Rather, the One who withheld the elephant (of the Companions of the Elephant) has withheld her." Then he said: "By Allah, in Whose hand is my soul, if today the Meccans ask me for anything in which they honor the sacred things of Allah, I will surely grant it to them." Then he urged the camel, and it sprang up. He turned away from the road of the Meccans and halted at the farthest part of Ḥudaybiyya, at the location of a well with little water. At that time, Budayl ibn Warqāʾ of the tribe of Khuzaʿa came. Then (ʿUrwa ibn Masʿūd) came.
The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) was speaking. Whenever ʿUrwa said something to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him), he would grasp his beard. However, al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba, with a sword in his hand and a helmet on his head, was standing by the head of the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) (to guard him). He struck ʿUrwa's hand with the hilt of his sword and said, "Remove your hand from the beard of the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him)."
ʿUrwa raised his head and said, "Who is this?" They said, "It is al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba."
ʿUrwa said: "O traitor, am I not trying to cleanse you of your treachery?"
Al-Mughīra, during the time of ignorance, had befriended a group, killed them, and taken their wealth. Then he came and became Muslim.
The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "We have accepted his Islam, but the wealth is wealth acquired through treachery. We have no need of it," and the narrator mentioned the hadith.
(The compiler, however, narrated this hadith in a summarized form as follows:) The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "Write: This is what the Messenger of Allah, Muḥammad, has decreed."
(The representative of Quraysh) Suhayl said: "Let us agree on this: If any man from us comes to you having entered your religion, you will return him to us."
After determining the terms of the agreement, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said to his Companions: "Rise, and slaughter your sacrificial animals."
"Then shave your heads." Then, believing women who had emigrated from Mecca came. As is indicated in the verse, "O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them..." (Qur'an, 60:10), this event is alluded to.
Allah forbade the believers from returning the women to Quraysh. He commanded that their dowries be returned. Then the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) returned to Medina. From Quraysh, Abū Baṣīr (having believed) came to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him). They sent men to demand him. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him), (in accordance with the agreement) handed him over to two men. They set out with him. When they reached Dhul-Ḥulayfa, they dismounted. They were eating dates.
Abū Baṣīr said to one of the two men, "O so-and-so, I see your sword is very fine." The other drew it from its sheath and said, "Yes, I have tried it." Abū Baṣīr said, "Let me see it, so I may look at it." When he got the opportunity to take the sword from him, he struck him with it until he killed him. The other fled, reaching Medina. He ran into the mosque. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "By Allah, this man has seen terror." The man said, "By Allah, my companion has been killed, and I too will be killed."
Abū Baṣīr also came. (O Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him) Allah has fulfilled your guarantee. You returned me to them, then Allah saved me from them," he said.
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "What an instigator of war is Abū Baṣīr! If only he had someone with him, he would have broken the truce between us and Quraysh and started war again."
When Abū Baṣīr heard this, he understood that the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) would return him to Quraysh. He left Medina and went to the seashore (on the trade route of Quraysh).
Abū Jandal also escaped (from the hands of the polytheists in Mecca) and joined Abū Baṣīr. Eventually, a group from among the Companions gathered with Abū Baṣīr by the sea. [510]
EXPLANATION
Halḥal: A term used for when a camel deviates from the correct path or kneels at an undesired moment, to bring it back to the right path or to make it stand up.
Samad: Refers to springs with little water, fountains on riverbanks, small water troughs, small water mouths, water accumulated in pits, or wells whose water has dried up.
The expedition of Ḥudaybiyya took place in the month of Dhū al-Qaʿda in the sixth year of the Hijra. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) set out with about one thousand five hundred of his Companions, prepared for ʿumra. As mentioned in the hadith, he stopped at the head of the water of Ḥudaybiyya. To inform that he had not come for war, he sent Khirāsh ibn Umayya.
When Khirāsh approached the army of Quraysh, they attacked him. He barely escaped. Upon this, ʿUthmān (may Allah be pleased with him) was sent. They said to ʿUthmān, "If you wish to perform ṭawāf, do so, but we will not allow the Prophet." Upon this, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "If I do not perform ṭawāf, I will not perform it either." The polytheists placed ʿUthmān under surveillance. Meanwhile, Budayl, the chief of the Khuzaʿa tribe, came and met with the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him). He returned. Then ʿUrwa ibn Masʿūd came and spoke with the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him). While speaking, according to Arab custom, he would grasp the beard of the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) with his hand.
As mentioned in the hadith, his nephew al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba asked him to remove his hand. Then Ḥālis, the chief of the Arabs, came and met with the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him). Finally, Quraysh agreed to peace. A six-article Ḥudaybiyya agreement was made between Suhayl ibn ʿAmr as the representative and the Muslims. According to this agreement, ʿumra would not be performed that year. The following year, ʿumra could be performed provided that they did not stay in Mecca for more than three days.
Upon this, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) slaughtered the sacrificial animals, shaved his head, and exited iḥrām. One of the articles was that even if someone from Quraysh became a believer and came, he would be returned. However, there was no article concerning women. A group of polytheist women believed and came to Medina. Thereupon, in verse 10 of Sūrat al-Mumtaḥina, it is stated in meaning: "O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them; Allah knows best as to their faith. Then if you ascertain that they are believers, do not send them back to the disbelievers. They are not lawful (wives) for the disbelievers, nor are the disbelievers lawful (husbands) for them. But pay the disbelievers what they have spent (as dowry). There is no blame upon you if you marry them when you have given them their dowries. And hold not to marriage bonds with disbelieving women, but ask for what you have spent, and let them (the disbelievers) ask for what they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah; He judges between you. And Allah is Knowing and Wise."
Abū Baṣīr, distancing himself from Medina, settled at a place called Iyas on the coast. All the believers went to Abū Baṣīr at Iyas. With the arrival of Abū Jandal, this group grew stronger and reached about a hundred. They threatened the Meccans and seized their caravans.
They wrote a letter to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him), requesting that the article requiring the return of believers be removed from the agreement. Upon the removal of that article, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) summoned Abū Baṣīr to Medina. Abū Baṣīr was on his deathbed. He touched the letter to his face and died at Iyas.
2766 – It is narrated from Miswar ibn Makhrama (may Allah be pleased with him) and Marwan ibn al-Ḥakam (may Allah be pleased with him):
At Ḥudaybiyya, they made an agreement to cease hostilities for ten years, during which people would live in security, to put away past grievances between us, and that there would be no theft or betrayal.
2767 – It is narrated from Ḥasan ibn ʿAtiyya (may Allah be pleased with him):
Makhūl and Ibn Abī Zakariyyā went to Khālid ibn Maʿdān. I went with them. Khālid narrated to us from Jubayr ibn Nufayr. He said: Jubayr came with us and said, "I heard the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) say: 'You will make a secure peace with the Byzantines (Romans). Then you and they will fight together against another enemy attacking you from behind.'" [511]