Islamic History · July 1, 2026

The Five Hundred and Sixteenth Year of the Hijra

"Previously, when his brother Mahnıud rebelled and conquered Azerbaijan, Sultan Tuğrul Bey submitted to him in the month of Muharram of this year. In this year, Sultan Mahmud granted the city of Wasit as an iqṭāʿ (land …

"Previously, when his brother Mahnıud rebelled and conquered Azerbaijan, Sultan Tuğrul Bey submitted to him in the month of Muharram of this year.

In this year, Sultan Mahmud granted the city of Wasit as an iqṭāʿ (land grant) to Ak-sungur in addition to Mosul. ʿImād al-Dīn Zangī b. Aksungur was sent there. He treated the people well and demonstrated that he was intelligent and capable.

In the month of Ṣafar of this year, the vizier Sultan Mahmud Abū Ṭālib al-Samīramī was killed by a Batini (esoteric sect member). He had set out to campaign against Hamadan. At that moment, a Batini came and killed him. His wife, along with a hundred concubines, mounted golden saddles and set out. When they heard of his killing, they returned barefoot and with disheveled hair. Once honored, they became humiliated. The Sultan appointed Shams al-Dīn Malik ʿUthmān b. Nizām al-Mulk in place of the slain vizier Mahnıud.

In this year, Ak-sungur fought with Debis b. Ṣadaka. Debis defeated him, killing some of his soldiers. Sultan Mansur b. Ṣadaka also chained and imprisoned Debis's brother and son in the fortress. Meanwhile, Debis plundered the regions under his control and oppressed their inhabitants. He cut his hair and dressed in black. He also looted the caliph's possessions. A proclamation was made in Baghdad that war would be waged against him. The caliph set out at the head of the army. He wore a black cloak with a shawl over it. He had the cloak of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) upon him and held a whip in his hand. He tied a sash of Chinese silk around his waist. With him were his vizier Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Niẓām al-Mulk, the naqīb al-nuqabāʾ ʿAlī b. Ṭarrād al-Zaynabī, and the shaykh of shaykhs Ṣadr al-Dīn b. Ismāʿīl. Ak-sungur confronted him with the soldiers of al-Pursūkī. They kissed the ground and took their positions.

The al-Pursūkī soldiers were arranged in formation. The qurrāʾ (Qur'an reciters) stood before the caliph. Debis also came forward. In front of Debis were slave girls playing the tambourine and dancing entertainers. The two sides faced each other. The caliph drew his sword and said the takbīr. The battle advanced toward the battlefield. Anṭar b. Abī al-ʿAskar attacked the right flank of the caliph's army. He broke and routed the soldiers on the right flank and killed their commander. Then he attacked there a second time. Like the previous attack, he routed them again. Imām al-Dīn Zangī b. Aksungur counterattacked him. He captured Anṭar and also captured Budayl b. Zāʾid. Then Debis's soldiers were defeated. Many threw themselves into the water and drowned. The caliph ordered the prisoners to be brought before him with their hands tied and commanded their execution. Debis's wives and concubines were also taken captive.

The caliph returned to Baghdad. He arrived there on the day of ʿĀshūrā of the 517th year of the Hijra. In total, he had been away from Baghdad for sixteen days.

As for Debis, he escaped. He went to Gaziye and from there to Muntafiq. Together with the people of Muntafiq, he attacked Basra, plundered the city, and killed the governor. Then, fearing an attack from al-Pursūkī, he left the city and went into the desert. He joined the Crusaders and besieged the people with them. Later, he separated from them and joined Sultan Mahmud's brother Malik Tuğrul.

In this year, Sultan Sihām al-Dīn Tamrāsh b. Ilghāzī b. Artuq captured the fortress of Mardin after his father's death. His brother Sulaymān took Silvan.

In this year, a copper mine was discovered near the fortress of Zūlkarnayn in Diyarbakır.

In this year, a group of preachers went to Baghdad and delivered sermons there. They were well received by the people. In this year, Kutuz al-Ḥādim facilitated the pilgrimage for people.

Famous Personalities Who Died in the Five Hundred and Sixteenth Year of the Hijra