Islamic History · July 1, 2026

The Ninety-Seventh Year of the Hijra

In this year, Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik prepared an army to march on Constantinople. He assigned his son Dāwūd to undertake a summer military expedition (ghazā). Dāwūd then conquered Ḥiṣn al-Marʾā. Al-Wāqidī said: In …

In this year, Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik prepared an army to march on Constantinople. He assigned his son Dāwūd to undertake a summer military expedition (ghazā). Dāwūd then conquered Ḥiṣn al-Marʾā.

Al-Wāqidī said: In this year, Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik went to the land of Widhāhiya and waged a ghazā. He conquered the fortress built by Waddāḥ, the governor of Widhāhiya.

Maslama also went to Barjama and waged a ghazā. He conquered Ḥiṣn al-Ḥadīd and Surāra in Barjama. He spent the winter in the land of the Byzantines (Rūm).

ʿUmar b. Hubayra al-Fazārī went on a naval expedition (ghazā) to the land of the Byzantines and spent the winter there.

In this year, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Mūsā b. Nuṣayr was killed. His severed head was brought to Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik. The person who brought it was Ḥabīb b. Abī ʿUbayd al-Fihrī.

The caliph Sulaymān entrusted the governorship of Khurāsān to Yazīd b. Muhallab, the governor of Iraq, for the following reason: When Wakīʿ b. Sud killed Qutayba b. Muslim and his descendants, he sent Qutayba's severed head to Sulaymān. Thus, his standing rose in Sulaymān's eyes, and Sulaymān appointed him governor of Khurāsān.

When Yazīd b. Muhallab came into his presence, he sent ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ahtam to the caliph Sulaymān to praise him and thereby secure the governorship of Khurāsān. This envoy was also to speak ill of Wakīʿ b. Abī Sud before the caliph Sulaymān.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ahtam, a cunning and crafty man, went to Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik and spoke against Wakīʿ. Eventually, Sulaymān dismissed Wakīʿ from the governorship of Khurāsān and left it to Yazīd, the governor of Iraq. The decree of appointment was sent to Yazīd with Ibn Ahtam. Ibn Ahtam traveled for seven days and finally reached Yazīd. He delivered the decree appointing him to the governorship of Khurāsān in addition to Iraq. Yazīd had promised him 100,000 dirhams if he succeeded in this matter, but he did not fulfill this promise.

Yazīd sent his son Mukhalled ahead of him to Khurāsān. With Mukhalled was a letter from the Commander of the Believers (amīr al-muʾminīn). The content of the letter was as follows: "According to the claim of the Qays tribe, Qutayba b. Muslim had not rebelled against the caliph before he was killed. If Wakīʿ killed him without rebellion, then shackle him and send him to me."

Muhallab went and captured Wakīʿ, imprisoning him before his father arrived.

Wakīʿ's governorship lasted nine months (or ten months). Then Yazīd b. Muhallab came, took over Khurāsān, and settled there. He appointed his own deputies to the surrounding districts, whose names were transmitted by Ibn Jarīr.

Yazīd b. Muhallab later went to Jurjān and waged a ghazā. At that time, the city of Jurjān had neither walls nor gates, only mountains and valleys around it. The governor of Jurjān was named Ṣol; he took refuge in a fortress there. According to another narration, he took refuge on an islet in the lake there. Then they seized him from the islet and captured him, killing many men from his tribe. Some were taken captive, and their property was taken as spoils.

In this year (the ninety-seventh year of the Hijra), Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik led the people in the ḥajj. The governors of the provinces under his authority were those mentioned on previous pages. Only the governor of Khurāsān, Wakīʿ b. Abī Sud, was dismissed and replaced by Yazīd b. Muhallab b. Abī Sufra (who also retained the governorship of Iraq).

Notable Figures Who Died in the Ninety-Seventh Year of the Hijra