ʿAyn al-yaqīn (the eye of certainty) is reserved for those who possess knowledge, while ḥaqq al-yaqīn (the truth of certainty) is exclusive to those who possess maʿrifa (experiential knowledge of God). (Qushayrī, 47)
Mushāhada (direct witnessing) is the seeing of the qalb (the heart). For the one engaged in mushāhada, he sees the Real (al-Ḥaqq) in every circumstance with his qalb. (Hujwīrī, 396)
Muḥāḍara refers to the qalb finding presence (with the Real) in the subtle faculties of bayān (clear exposition), while mukāshafa is...