Sufi Classics · July 8, 2026

some are in themselves (bazısı bizâtihi)

They do not occupy space. However, this occurs by dependence (tabaʿiyyat; by following or relying upon another being). These cannot sustain their existence independently as substance (jawhar, pl. jawāhir) or accident …

They do not occupy space. However, this occurs by dependence (tabaʿiyyat; by following or relying upon another being). These cannot sustain their existence independently as substance (jawhar, pl. jawāhir) or accident (ʿaraḍ, pl. aʿrāḍ); rather, they can only persist by inhering in another being. Accidents such as blackness, whiteness, etc., are among these.

Some of these are relative existents, which arise between what we mentioned above and accidents. For example: ayna (where), kayfa (how), time, number, quantity, relation (iḍāfa), position (waḍʿ; state, situation, location), an yafʿala (active verbs, action), an yunfaʿala (passive verbs, being acted upon), and the like.

Each of these existents is itself divided into many categories, which need not be enumerated here. For example, among these, ayna refers to spatial questions such as below, above, etc.; kayfa refers to qualitative attributes such as health, illness, and other states; time includes yesterday, today, tomorrow, night, day, hour, and all those to which we can ask 'When?'; quantity or number includes all those that answer the question 'How much?', such as measures, area measurements, metrical patterns in prose and poetry, etc. Relation includes father, son, owner (ṣāḥib); position refers to rules such as those of languages and judgments. An yafʿala means 'to slaughter.'