Anger is a feeling belonging to the nafs (the lower self) that governs the forces of lust; it is activated or restrained according to reason and sharia (the sacred law). Courage is the submission of the force of anger to reason, whether in its activation or restraint. Chastity is the disciplining of the force of lust in accordance with reason and sharia. From the balanced formation of these four moral qualities (akhlāq), the entirety of good character emerges.
From the moderation of the faculty of reason arise good thinking, sound judgment, correct planning, and the ability to understand the subtleties of things; from its excess, deceit, trickery, and sophistry (demagogy) are born; from its deficiency, foolishness, dullness, and weakness of mind result. From the balanced state of courage arise dignity (hayba), endurance, generosity, bravery, valor, forbearance, steadfastness (sabat), and dignity (waqar); from its deficiency come baseness, humiliation, miserliness, and frivolity. From the moderation of chastity arise generosity, modesty, patience, contentment, scrupulousness (waraʿ), tolerance, and grace; from its excess, negative traits such as greed, violence (shiddet), wickedness, immodesty, wastefulness, mockery, envy, and weakness are born. (Ravza, 445)