ḥikmat-i ḥalqiyyat is a ḥāl (spiritual state) and excellence pertaining to the nafs-i nāṭiqa (the rational soul). It governs the powers of anger (ghaḍab) and shahwa (desire), and determines the proper measure of action required in situations of constriction and expansion (circumstances). This means knowing which of the actions performed is correct.
However, this virtue is surrounded by two vices: ḥabb (trickery) and balah (stupidity). One is ifrāṭ (excess), the other is tafrīṭ (deficiency). Ḥabb is the state of ifrāṭ. A person in this state is malicious and deceitful. Because he lets the powers of anger and desire act unchecked, his movement toward what he wants is excessive. Balah, on the other hand, is the tafrīṭ of the powers of anger and desire, and moderation...