Zarf (zarāfa, refinement) is a middle way between the extremes of ifrāt (excess) in avoidance and a lack of seriousness marked by a sullen demeanor. It consists in recognizing the ranks of friends, preserving times of intimacy, and acting with sincerity towards all those who are worthy of it when in their company. (Mizān, 76)
dhāt/dhātullāh (praise of the Essence; the Divine Essence)
Dhāt (the Essence) is that which exists by itself, independently. Name, attribute (nʿat), and quality (ṣifa) are signs of the Dhāt. That which is not Dhāt has neither name, nʿat, nor quality. Only those things that possess a Dhāt have names, nʿat, and qualities. (Lumaʿ, 427)
Dhāt is the existence (wujūd) and reality (ḥaqīqa) of a thing. (Hujwīrī, 468)
The praise of the Dhāt for itself (dhāt's self-praise) is the turning of the Dhāt towards the Dhāt. This turning is to see the Dhāt, by the Dhāt, in the Dhāt. Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He, sees His Dhāt with His Dhāt in the mirror of His Dhāt. He is both the observer and the observed. One who deems it impossible to incline toward any kind of love increases the number of things to which His taʿalluq (relation) pertains. Such a person imagines them as common terms not united under a single definition. Within himself, he finds an inclination toward Him, turns to Him by his nature, longs for ittihād (union) with Him, finds delight in Him, and attains kemāl (perfection). Thus,